GPCRs of Diverse Physiologic and Pathologic Effects with Fingerprints in COVID-19

G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) belong to a large family of molecules eliciting different responses variety signaling molecules. These participate in various physiological functions such as metabolism, growth, immune responses, inflammation, vision, taste, olfaction, and neurotransmission well pathologic including chronic inflammatory vascular diseases. Receptors contributing the biological renin–angiotensin system (RAS) are members GPCR family. COVID-19-induced cascade has been attributed acute ACE2 downregulation imbalance proinflammatory ACE/AngII/AT1R anti-inflammatory ACE2/angiotensin (1–7)/Mas axes favor former. Some activities proteins RAS, AT1R, AT2R, Mas receptors, Mas-related GPCR-member D receptor It is notable that these induce their effects both through G-protein β-arrestin pathways; former exerts temporary latter more sustained effects. In addition RAS activities, it suggested SARS-CoV2 pathogenesis might be activation GPCRs or modulating G involved adenosine–CFTR regulation epithelial Na-channel function. This article includes minireview contribution COVID-19.